Autoimmune Diseases part 2

In a healthy body, circulating antibodies attack and destroy pathogenic invaders by means of humoral or cell-mediated immunity. In autoimmune disease, circulating antibodies seek, attack, and destroy self-antigens found in healthy tissue (see Table 1 for examples).

Table 1: Autoimmune Classification

 Modulating the Immune System

T-cells can further divide into helper lymphocytes (Th) and cytotoxic (Tc) or suppressor cells. In response to a foreign pathogen, T-cells secrete communication molecules known as lymphokines, cytokines, interleukins, and interferons. T-helper cells assist B-cells and further divide into two special lines of defense. These are Th1 and Th2. When one of these lines (Th1 or Th2) overexpresses, an opportunity for immune dysregulation occurs, resulting in either a hyperimmune response causing autoimmune disease or a hypoimmune response leading to uncontrollable infection. Sterinol, a combination of natural plant sterols and sterolins, modulates the function of T-cells by enhancing their ability to divide. They further promote interleukin-2 and gamma-interferon without enhancing Th2 helper cells that promote inflammation and produce more antibodies. Conventional drug treatment inhibits the entire immune response. Sterolins, however, modulate the immune response and are able to reverse immune abnormality at the disease site (Bouic 1996; Gupta 1980).

Alkylglycerols are derived from shark liver oil. Studies indicate that the activation of protein kinase C, an essential step in cell proliferation, can be inhibited by alkylglycerols. Although the mechanism of antiproliferative and immunomodulatory action is unknown, hormonal action of both the autocrine and paracrine systems has been suggested (Pugliese 1998). Alkylglycerols have been promoted for use in immune system stimulation. However, benefits have been reported in those suffering from asthma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune disorders.

L-carnitine, an amino acid known to improve conditions associated with low cellular energy, has been shown to reduce the impairment of immune function caused by the consumption of dangerous fats (De Simone 1982). This beneficial action is attributed to L-carnitine's ability to lower serum lipids (fats) by enhancing the transport of beneficial fatty acids into the cell's mitochondria, where they are used to produce energy. Acetyl-L-carnitine is the form of carnitine utilized more efficiently in the mitochondria.

Mounting evidence suggests that vitamin D may be a critical missing link in virtually all autoimmune diseases, including lupus. Vitamin D is capable of modulating the activity of immune cells. Studies have identified widespread vitamin D deficiency in lupus patients (Toloza 2010; Lemire 1992). For example, one study found that 1.2% of lupus patients had adequate vitamin D levels compared to 45% of healthy controls (Damanhouri 2009). Another found that lower vitamin D levels were linked with more aggressive lupus autoimmunity (Ritterhouse 2011).

Scientists have discovered how to provide natural immunological support using immune-protective proteins found in hens’ eggs. This development promises to deliver substantial immune enhancement at a fraction of the cost of medications (Pawelec 2002), which is good news for all of us as we age—and great news for those whose immune systems are particularly vulnerable (eg, cancer or HIV/AIDS patients).

Paeonia lactiflora, or common peony, is a flowering plant native to Asia traditionally used as an immunomodulator and to treat a variety of systemic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, hepatitis, and fever (He 2011). Contemporary research validates the clinical efficacy of peony in alleviating inflammatory conditions and suggests many of the plant’s medicinal properties may be attributable to an active constituent called paeoniflorin, which is concentrated in its roots (He 2011; Zhang 2011).

Paeoniflorin and related compounds from peony root appear capable of modulating several aspects of the inflammatory milieu that underlies autoimmunity (He 2011). Several animal studies showed peony root extract blunted the ability of immune cells to mount a robust inflammatory response in a model of arthritis that resembles rheumatoid arthritis in humans (Chen 2012; Lin 2012; Zhou 2012).

In a clinical study that enrolled 260 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis, peony extract plus the antifolate drug methotrexate (Trexall®) outperformed control treatment consisting of methotrexate plus sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®) (a conventional rheumatoid arthritis drug) in reducing symptom severity. The peony-methotrexate combination evidently provided faster relief and better compliance than the control treatment as well (Wang, Xing 2007). An earlier, smaller study on 61 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis revealed similar effects: peony extract plus methotrexate was more efficacious in improving markers of inflammation in subjects’ blood than methotrexate alone (Du 2005). Peony extract has shown efficacy in several other conditions involving autoimmunity and inflammation as well such as psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis (Wang 2013; Wang, Wang 2007; He 2011; Zhang 2011).

Supporting the GI Tract

Intestinal permeability is often disrupted by health conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, pancreatic dysfunction, and food allergies. Aging, stress, medications, and alcohol consumption also alter permeability, compromising the barrier that separates food and intestinal bacteria from the rest of the body.

Poor intestinal motility and peristalsis can change beneficial bacterial flora by altering the natural flow of nutrients available to them. These same factors can add to the overgrowth of abnormal bacteria and the byproducts they produce, leading to the absorption of antigenic substances into the bloodstream. Immune-related disease is associated with antigenic substances produced by intestinal flora. To correct the problem, bacterial balance must be restored through the use of supplemental probiotics and prebiotics that feed the beneficial bacteria. Species of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli may help restore microfloral balance and stabilize intestinal permeability. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are simple sugars that are the preferred nutrient for lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (with the exception of the bifidum species).

Reducing Stress

Stress is a major risk factor in developing disease. Even prolonged low-level stress stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, which in excess impairs immune function. Lack of proper rest and sleep, depression, and emotional disturbance contribute to immune dysfunction. In addition, there is a connection between the limbic system (i.e., the part of the brain that gives rise to emotion) and immune function. Therefore, to balance the immune system, one must balance the mind and emotions. Biofeedback, guided imagery, yoga, deep breathing, musical participation, positive affirmations, meditation, and prayer all help maintain balance (Hughes 1997; Long 2001; Kuhn 2002; Lehrer 2002; Vempati 2002).

A supplemental approach to stress reduction would be obtained from Garum armoricum extract, which contains a class of unique polypeptides that act as precursors to endorphins and other neurotransmitters. These polypeptides exert a regulatory effect on the nervous system enabling an individual to adapt to mentally and physically stressful conditions (Crocq 1978). Another antidote to stress is an amino acid found in green tea called theanine. Although theanine creates a tranquilizing effect on the brain, it appears to increase concentration and focus thought (Juneja 1999). DHEA supplementation is the most effective way of blocking the effects of excess cortisol secretion.

Improving Liver Health

The liver plays a critical role in all aspects of metabolism and health. It is important in the synthesis and secretion of albumin (a blood clotting protein), in the storage of glucose, and in the synthesis of vitamins and minerals. Because the liver has a major role in the purification and clearance of waste products, drugs, and toxins, disease states may be improved by supporting liver function. The herb milk thistle and its components silymarin and silibinin have two therapeutic mechanisms. First, they alter the structure of the outer cell membrane of the hepatocyte to prevent penetration of liver poison into the interior of the cell. Second, they stimulate the action of nucleolar polymerase A, resulting in an increase in ribosomal protein synthesis, thus stimulating the regenerative ability of the liver and the formation of new hepatocytes (Flora 1998; Luper 1998).

Disclaimer and Safety Information

This information (and any accompanying material) is not intended to replace the attention or advice of a physician or other qualified health care professional. Anyone who wishes to embark on any dietary, drug, exercise, or other lifestyle change intended to prevent or treat a specific disease or condition should first consult with and seek clearance from a physician or other qualified health care professional. Pregnant women in particular should seek the advice of a physician before using any protocol listed on this website. The protocols described on this website are for adults only, unless otherwise specified. Product labels may contain important safety information and the most recent product information provided by the product manufacturers should be carefully reviewed prior to use to verify the dose, administration, and contraindications. National, state, and local laws may vary regarding the use and application of many of the treatments discussed. The reader assumes the risk of any injuries. The authors and publishers, their affiliates and assigns are not liable for any injury and/or damage to persons arising from this protocol and expressly disclaim responsibility for any adverse effects resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

The protocols raise many issues that are subject to change as new data emerge. None of our suggested protocol regimens can guarantee health benefits. The publisher has not performed independent verification of the data contained herein, and expressly disclaim responsibility for any error in literature.

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