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Stress - Nutrients to Combat the Modern Stress Epidemic

11968 Views Posted on: 2016-03-18
Posted by: Ireneusz Adamczyk

Stress - Nutrients to Combat the Modern Stress EpidemicBe it work, finances, relationships, or health issues, most of us experience stressful events at some point in our lives. But today, researchers are witnessing levels of stress that are virtually unprecedented.

A startling 80% of Americans now report experiencing intense, chronic stress over personal finances and the economy.1 And the problem is global: the World Health Organization estimates that stress-related disorders affect nearly 450 million

The effects of this pandemic on the public health are profound.

Researchers have linked the cumulative impact of stress to a host of age-accelerating conditions and degenerative diseases.3

These range from cardiovascular disease to diabetes to various cancers.4-7

The good news is that recent confirmatory data show targeted nutritional interventions exert a beneficial effect on many of the biological risk factors produced by stress.2,8

Two natural compounds in particular have been shown to reduce stress levels, enhance attention and productivity, and lower many stress-related factors associated with risk of death.

In this article you'll learn the most recent data on the stress-relieving properties of lemon balm, a common garden herb, and L-theanine, an amino acid found exclusively in tea.

Lemon balm has been shown to exert a calming effect in healthy individuals,9 while L-theanine has been found to soothe anxiety, without side effects.10

Lemon balm - Natural Stress and Anxiety Relief

Lemon balm - Natural Stress and Anxiety ReliefLemon balm is a common garden herb closely related to mint. It has been prized in traditional cultures for its capacity to induce sleep and mild sedation, as well as for its memory-enhancing properties.9,11 Modern-day laboratory techniques reveal some of the underlying mechanisms of lemon balm's clinically proven efficacy.

Lemon balm, and its chief components, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, quercitrin, and rutin, are potent antioxidants that protect brain cells and other tissues from reactive oxygen species (ROS).12 Lemon balm tea, for example, is used to protect radiology technicians from the oxidizing effects of chronic occupational exposure to low-level radiation.13

Lemon balm and rosmarinic acid also boost levels of the relaxation-inducing neurotransmitter called GABA in the brain. They do so by inhibiting the enzyme that normally degrades GABA.14 The result of these lemon balm - induced elevations of GABA is a reduction in anxiety.15 Increasing brain GABA activity is the mechanism by which prescription anti-anxiety drugs act as well, though they can lead to chemical dependency and side effects.16,17

Lemon balm also modulates the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the levels of which are reduced in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Rosmarinic acid inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine and reduces its availability to brain cells.18 This effect is similar to that produced by prescription drugs meant to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Animal studies reveal powerful anxiety- and stress-reducing effects of lemon balm.19 Mice demonstrate significantly reduced anxiety in maze experiments following supplementation with lemon balm extract, without any changes in overall activity level or memory.15

Mice conditioned to experience chronic fear showed significantly reduced stress responses and more appropriate behavior following dosing with rosmarinic acid, an effect with substantial implications for humans living with chronic anxiety and stress.20 Lemon balm extracts also reduce pain from a variety of stimuli, further contributing to their soothing, stress-relieving effects.21

Human studies of lemon balm are equally compelling, as demonstrated in a series of trials conducted in the Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit at the University of Northumbria in the United Kingdom. Researchers there found that 600 mg of lemon balm produced sustained improvements in a test of "accuracy of attention." Three hundred milligrams of lemon balm produced an increase in self-rated calmness in a group of healthy adults, while 900 mg of lemon balm reduced self-rated alertness.9 That latter finding is a desirable effect in a supplement meant to produce relaxation.

A subsequent study using higher doses demonstrated significant improvements in both calmness and memory performance at all time points following a single 1,600 mg dose.11

The British researchers next evaluated lemon balm in a more challenging test, namely in a setting in which subjects are deliberately stressed in the laboratory. They gave 18 healthy volunteers doses of 300 or 600 mg of lemon balm, or a placebo, and then subjected them to the Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation, a battery of challenges designed to impose stress.22 The higher dose counteracted the negative mood effects of the stress test, while significantly increasing self-ratings of calmness and again reducing self-ratings of alertness. Similar results were later shown with a supplement containing both lemon balm and valerian root, another natural sedative.23

Lemon balm - Natural Stress and Anxiety ReliefInterestingly, the lower dose of lemon balm (300 mg) also increases the speed of mathematical processing, with no reduction in accuracy, in human studies.22 That observation, combined with some findings about the molecular actions of rosmarinic acid, has led scientists to examine lemon balm's effects in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of cognitive impairment.

The antioxidant protection provided by lemon balm shows promise in reducing oxidant-related brain cell death, an important contributor to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as age-related cognitive decline.24 Lemon balm and its components are also highly effective at reducing accumulations of the harmful amyloid-beta, a protein that is a leading contributor to Alzheimer's disease.25-27 Lemon balm's ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase boosts brain levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which are low in Alzheimer's.18,28 These and other mechanisms of lemon balm and its components are credited with improving cognitive performance in maze experiments with animals.29

Human studies of lemon balm extracts in treatment of Alzheimer's have been encouraging. In one study, supplemented patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's, aged 65-80 years, demonstrated significantly better outcomes on tests of cognitive function than did placebo recipients.30 That study also found a reduction in agitation in supplemented patients compared with placebo recipients. In a related study, aromatherapy with lemon balm essential oil reduced agitation in 60% of patients with severe dementia, compared with just 14% in a placebo group.31 Total agitation scores were reduced by an average of 35%, compared with just 11% in placebo recipients.

Combating the Modern Stress Epidemic
  • Eighty percent of Americans experience chronic stress, which is a known causative factor of chronic disease and early death.
  • Stress exerts a well-defined impact on all body systems, resulting in elevated plasma cortisol levels and abnormal release of inflammatory cytokines.
  • New research designates lemon balm and L-theanine, two natural products, as significant contributors to reduced stress and anxiety.
  • The two ingredients work by different but complementary mechanisms to lower the physical manifestations of stress and promote long life span.
  • Both lemon balm and L-theanine also demonstrate substantial neuroprotective characteristics through mechanisms related to their calming effects on brain cells.

L-theanine - Calming Overactive Neural Networks, Improving Cognition

L-theanine - Calming Overactive Neural Networks, Improving CognitionL-theanine is a non-protein amino acid found exclusively in green tea.32,33 It contributes significantly to the favorable taste of green tea and has numerous health-promoting benefits.33 It has traditionally been used to enhance relaxation and improve concentration and learning ability.34,35 Those features have modern scientists interested in its potential as a natural stress-reliever.32

L-theanine is chemically related to the neurotransmitter glutamate and binds to glutamate receptors in the brain.36,37 Unlike glutamate, however, which can cause a state called excitotoxicity that can eventually damage nerve cells, L-theanine protects brain cells against excitotoxicity, calming the nerve networks in the brain.37-39

Animal studies verify the behavioral benefits of these biochemical effects. In isolated rat brain slices, L-theanine reduces electrical activity associated with anxiety.40 L-theanine reduces evidence of anxiety and depression in several different animal models of stress.41,42 In freely moving rats, L-theanine led to decreases in nearly all frequencies of brainwave activity, indicating a state of calmness and relaxation.43 That is hardly surprising: L-theanine is known to be synergistic with the GABA-enhancing anti-anxiety drug midazolam, a relative of Valium®.42

TABLE 1: Health Risks Associated with Excess Stress

Stressor Health Outcome Increased Risk
Sleep Disturbances56 Early Death from All Causes 170%
Perceived Stress57
  • Early Death from All Causes
  • Death from Respiratory Disease
  • Death from Heart Attacks
  • Death from External Causes
  • Suicide
 32% 79% 159% 207% 491%
Adverse Childhood Experiences58 Death by Age 65 140%
Stress at Work6,59
  • Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
  • Death from Cardiac Causes
  • Early Death from All Causes
 94% 181% 65%
Not Enough Reward for Effort at Work60 Poor Self-Rated Health Up to 280%
Divorce3 Total and Cardiovascular Death 37% (Men)
Major Negative Life Events7 Breast Cancer 533%

Life stressors and sleep disruptions dramatically increase your risk of bad health outcomes and premature death.

Brainwave studies have shed some light on how L-theanine achieves its remarkable anxiety-reducing effects. In one study, healthy subjects took a soft drink containing green tea enriched with L-theanine while their brainwave power was measured.44 Power was initially reduced in all frequencies and areas during the first hour, indicating relaxation. Later changes indicated both an increase in mental performance and a higher degree of relaxation. In this case, L-theanine seemed to produce desirable increases in attention, accompanied by durable relaxation - that means subjects could concentrate better without being distracted by anxiety.

Another brainwave study demonstrated that L-theanine significantly increased activity in the frequency band indicating relaxation without inducing drowsiness.45 And a third concluded that L-theanine plays a general role in sustaining attention during a long-term difficult task.46 That's important, because it is known that while stress and anxiety can reduce your ability to maintain attention and focus, promoting attention and focus is an effective way of reducing your stress and anxiety.47

Why "L"-theanine? 

L-theanine - Calming Overactive Neural Networks, Improving CognitionL-theanine is the amino acid that gives green tea its delightfully subtle taste and also provides many of its health benefits, particularly those involving the nervous system. Why do we refer to it as "L"-theanine, and what is the significance?

Most biologically active compounds can occur in two forms, each the mirror-image of the other. Scientists use the prefixes "D" and "L" to distinguish between the two forms. Only one form (usually the "L" form) is biologically active, however.

When humans manufacture biological molecules, as opposed to extracting them from natural sources, we typically produce a mixture containing both forms in equal measure - a so-called "racemic" mixture. When you consume such a mixture, then, you are only getting 50% of the actual biological activity; the rest is simply wasted.

Not all supplements are alike; look for the designation "L-theanine" to be sure you are taking the most potent and biologically sound form of this valuable stress-relieving substance.

Another way to assess stress and anxiety is by measuring vital signs such as heart rate and salivary content of certain proteins that are increased during stress. Japanese researchers did just that with 12 subjects during a mental arithmetic test given as an acute stressor.8 Results showed that the supplement reduced heart rate and salivary protein responses to the acute stress task, compared with placebo. In addition, heart rate variability was improved, a sign that the L-theanine was reducing activation of the sympathetic nervous system, or "fight-or-flight" response. Improved heart rate variability is a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, so L-theanine's anti-stress effects in this case are also indirectly cardioprotective.5

TABLE 2: Physical and Psychological Impact of Stress61

Physical Symptoms of Stress Prevalence Psychological Effects of Stress Prevalence
Fatigue 51% Irritability or Anger 50%
Headache 44% Feeling Nervous 45%
Upset Stomach 34% Lack of Energy 45%
Muscle Tension 30% Feeling a Need to Cry 35%
Change in Appetite 23%
Teeth Grinding 17%
Change in Sex Drive 15%
Feeling Dizzy 13%

Several studies have now also shown that L-theanine substantially augments the known attention-focusing effects of caffeine. Adding L-theanine to caffeine leads to improved accuracy and speed of information processing, less susceptibility to distraction, improved switching between tasks, and less mental fatigue, while improving reaction time and reducing physical symptoms such as headache and tiredness.48-51

Unfortunately, the amounts of L-theanine in a regular cup of caffeinated green tea are not large enough to produce the anti-anxiety effects, meaning supplementation is necessary. Most studies of L-theanine showing benefits use doses of between 100 and 250 mg per day, while a cup of green tea typically contains 20 mg or less.45

L-theanine's many neuroprotective effects make it an attractive natural product for preventing and treating disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.52 A placebo-controlled clinical study in mid-2011 examined the effects of L-theanine and green tea extract on memory and attention in a group of adults with mild cognitive impairment.53 Mild cognitive impairment is often seen as a precursor or risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.54,55 The supplemented group experienced improvements in memory and selective attention (the ability to attend to one task without being distracted by others). Brain waves indicative of cognitive alertness were significantly increased by the supplement as well.

Summary

Stress and anxiety plague 80% of Americans. Far from being mere annoyances, these psychological conditions have profound physical implications. It is no exaggeration to say that stress can shorten your life.

Prescription sedatives and anti-anxiety drugs have some short-term benefit in reducing symptoms, but their long-term safety and effectiveness has not been established, and they carry risks of significant side effects, tolerance (loss of efficacy) and addiction.

Lemon balm and L-theanine, on the other hand, offer powerful protection against stress and anxiety through distinct and complementary mechanisms. Both have been shown to reduce not only stress but the biological manifestations it produces in the body and brain. And both have additional neuroprotective characteristics as well. If you suffer from stress and anxiety, consider adding a combination supplement containing high-quality lemon balm and L-theanine to your health maintenance regimen.

Material used with permission of Life Extension. All rights reserved.

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Scientific Sources

How severe is stress epidemic?

Startling 80% of Americans now report experiencing intense, chronic stress over personal finances and economy. Problem is global: World Health Organization estimates stress-related disorders affect nearly 450 million people. Researchers witnessing levels of stress virtually unprecedented.

What is lemon balm?

Common garden herb closely related to mint. Prized in traditional cultures for capacity to induce sleep and mild sedation, as well as memory-enhancing properties. Shown to exert calming effect in healthy individuals. Chief components include rosmarinic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, quercitrin, and rutin - potent antioxidants.

How does lemon balm work?

Lemon balm and rosmarinic acid boost levels of relaxation-inducing neurotransmitter GABA in brain. Do so by inhibiting enzyme that normally degrades GABA. Result of lemon balm-induced elevations of GABA is reduction in anxiety. Increasing brain GABA activity mechanism by which many anti-anxiety drugs work.

What is L-theanine?

Amino acid found exclusively in tea. Found to soothe anxiety without side effects. Demonstrates substantial neuroprotective characteristics through mechanisms related to calming effects on brain cells. Natural product as significant contributor to reduced stress and anxiety.

Cortisol impact?

Stress exerts well-defined impact on all body systems, resulting in elevated plasma cortisol levels and abnormal release of inflammatory cytokines. Both lemon balm and L-theanine work through multiple mechanisms to reduce stress response.

  • 80% of Americans report intense, chronic stress over finances and economy
  • 450 million globally affected by stress-related disorders per WHO
  • Levels of stress virtually unprecedented witnessing by researchers
  • Lemon balm exerts calming effect in healthy individuals
  • L-theanine soothes anxiety without side effects
  • Rosmarinic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, quercitrin, rutin - potent antioxidant components
  • Boosts GABA levels in brain by inhibiting degrading enzyme
  • Reduces anxiety through GABA elevation - same mechanism as anti-anxiety drugs
  • Protects brain cells and tissues from reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • Substantial neuroprotective characteristics through calming effects on brain cells
  • Reduces elevated plasma cortisol and abnormal inflammatory cytokines
  • Memory-enhancing properties along with sleep induction and mild sedation
  • Used to protect radiology technicians from chronic occupational oxidizing exposure
  • Found exclusively in tea - L-theanine natural amino acid

Lemon Balm + L-Theanine Stress Protocol

Step 1: Assess Stress Burden

Recognize 80% Americans experiencing intense, chronic stress over personal finances and economy. WHO estimates stress-related disorders affect nearly 450 million people globally. Researchers witnessing levels of stress virtually unprecedented.

Step 2: GABA Enhancement with Lemon Balm

Begin lemon balm common garden herb related to mint. Boosts relaxation-inducing GABA neurotransmitter in brain. Inhibits enzyme that normally degrades GABA, elevating levels back to normal. Same mechanism as many anti-anxiety drugs work but natural.

Step 3: L-Theanine Addition

Add L-theanine amino acid found exclusively in tea. Soothes anxiety without side effects. Demonstrates substantial neuroprotective characteristics through mechanisms related to calming effects on brain cells.

Step 4: Antioxidant Protection

Lemon balm chief components (rosmarinic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, quercitrin, rutin) are potent antioxidants protecting brain cells and other tissues from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lemon balm tea used to protect radiology technicians from oxidizing effects of chronic occupational exposure.

Step 5: Cortisol and Inflammatory Cytokine Normalization

Reduce elevated plasma cortisol levels and abnormal release of inflammatory cytokines. Stress exerts well-defined impact on all body systems - both lemon balm and L-theanine address this through multiple mechanisms.

Step 6: Memory Enhancement and Sleep Support

Lemon balm prized in traditional cultures for capacity to induce sleep and mild sedation, as well as for memory-enhancing properties. Both calming effect in healthy individuals (lemon balm) and anxiety soothing without side effects (L-theanine).

Step 7: Long-Term Stress Management

Continue protocol addressing unprecedented stress levels. Both demonstrate substantial neuroprotective characteristics important for protecting brain under chronic stress exposure.

  • Part of 80% Americans with intense chronic stress (ICD-10: F43.9 - Reaction to severe stress, unspecified)
  • Anxiety disorders (F41.9 - Anxiety disorder, unspecified)
  • Elevated cortisol (E27.0 - Other adrenocortical overactivity)
  • Stress-related insomnia (G47.00 - Insomnia, unspecified)
  • Inflammatory cytokine elevation from stress (R68.89 - Other specified general symptoms)
  • Memory concerns (R41.3 - Other amnesia)
  • Chronic stress exposure - work, finances, relationships, health
  • Occupational stress (Z56.6 - Other physical and mental strain related to work)
  • Part of 450 million globally with stress-related disorders
  • Seeking natural anti-anxiety without pharmaceutical side effects
  • Lemon balm/L-theanine hypersensitivity
  • Pregnancy/breastfeeding without medical guidance
  • Severe sedation risk - when combined with other CNS depressants
  • Surgery within 2 weeks due to sedative effects
  • Thyroid disorders without monitoring (lemon balm may affect thyroid function)
  • Children under 12 without pediatric consultation

Stress Epidemic Scale: Startling 80% of Americans now report experiencing intense, chronic stress over personal finances and economy. Problem is global: World Health Organization estimates stress-related disorders affect nearly 450 million people worldwide. Researchers witnessing levels of stress that are virtually unprecedented in modern times.

Citation: Available at: http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-20/health/econ.stress.economy. Accessed 2011.

Psychological Stress and Health Risk: Self-reported psychological stress documented as risk factor for various health conditions. Stress exerts well-defined impact on all body systems, resulting in elevated plasma cortisol levels and abnormal release of inflammatory cytokines.

Citation: Kruk J. Self-reported psychological stress and the risk of breast cancer: A case-control study. Stress. 2011 Nov 7.

Cortisol and Metabolic Effects: Salivary cortisol, serum lipids, and adiposity in patients documented. Stress response involves elevated plasma cortisol affecting multiple body systems.

Citation: Veen G, Giltay EJ, DeRijk RH, van Vliet IM, van Pelt J, Zitman FG. Salivary cortisol, serum lipids, and adiposity in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Metabolism. 2009 Jun;58(6):821-7.

Lemon Balm Mood and Cognitive Modulation: Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) documented. Shown to exert calming effect in healthy individuals. Prized in traditional cultures for capacity to induce sleep and mild sedation, as well as memory-enhancing properties.

Citation: Kennedy DO, Wake G, Savelev S, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Oct;28(10):1871-81.

Rosmarinic Acid Mechanism: Enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism in important medicinal plant lemon balm. Subchronic administration of rosmarinic acid, natural prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor documented. Lemon balm and rosmarinic acid boost levels of relaxation-inducing GABA neurotransmitter by inhibiting enzyme that normally degrades GABA.

Citations: Weitzel C, Petersen M. Enzymes of phenylpropanoid metabolism in the important medicinal plant Melissa officinalis L. Planta. 2010 Jan;231(2):253-64. | Park DH, Park SJ, Kim JM, Jung WY, Ryu JH. Subchronic administration of rosmarinic acid, a natural prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, enhances cognition in rats. Fitoterapia. 2010 Dec;81(8):1206-12.

L-Theanine Neuroprotective Effects: Protective effect of green tea component L-theanine documented against neurotoxicity. L-theanine protects transgenic models demonstrating neuroprotective characteristics. Amino acid found exclusively in tea soothes anxiety without side effects.

Citations: Cho HS, Kim S, Lee SY, Park JA, Kim SJ, Chun HS. Protective effect of the green tea component, L-theanine on environmental toxins-induced neuronal cell death. Neurotoxicology. 2008 Jul;29(4):656-62. | Di X, Yan J, Zhao Y, et al. L-theanine protects the APP (Swedish mutation) transgenic SH-SY5Y cell against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via inhibition of the NMDA receptor pathway. Neuroscience. 2010 Jul 14;168(3):778-86.

Theanine General Neuroprotection: Neuroprotective effects of green tea components theanine and catechins documented. Both lemon balm and L-theanine demonstrate substantial neuroprotective characteristics through mechanisms related to calming effects on brain cells.

Citation: Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Dec;25(12):1513-8.