1. Home
  2. Home
  3. Blog
  4. Autoimmune diseases
  5. Getting Back To Basics … How Low-Cost Zinc Helps Combat Deadly Immunosenescence

Getting Back To Basics … How Low-Cost Zinc Helps Combat Deadly Immunosenescence

14491 Views Posted on: 2016-05-22
Posted by: Ireneusz Adamczyk
How Low-Cost Zinc Helps Combat Deadly Immunosenescence

Zinc is required by the body for more than 2,000 transcription factors involved in gene expressions of various proteins.1 What this means in everyday language is that thousands of essential biological functions are dependent on zinc.

The medical community has known of zinc deficiency for more than 50 years, but the health imp act of this crucial mineral has been largely ignored by global health organizations. Extensive scientific inquiry has made it clear that nutritional deficiency of zinc is widely prevalent and its morbidities are severe.1

Overwhelmingly, the elderly are deficient in zinc1. Because zinc governs so many biological functions, a simple zinc deficiency can affect multiple facets of health and development.1 The result is a decline in our body’s vigilant immune system, opening the door for an onslaught of numerous diseases. A zinc deficiency contributes to atherosclerosis, cancer, neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, and other age-related chronic conditions.2

One target that researchers are focusing on is the fact that a zinc deficiency can cause your immune system to decline, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. This decline in immunity places older adults at increased risk for a range of almost every serious disease, from infections and cancer.3 Fortunately, supplementing with the proper amount of zinc can provide life-saving benefits against the diseases of aging. Studies have shown that zinc supplementation in the elderly can restore normal function of the killer cells that attack virally-infected and cancerous cells as well as boost the immune system’s anti-aging mechanisms.4-6

Adequate zinc levels have been found to reduce the risk of infection as well as decrease oxidative and inflammatory markers.7

Even if zinc levels are adequate, supplementing with zinc may offer additional protection against cancer. In animals with normal zinc levels, the number of experimentally-induced tumors was 28% lower when the animals were given a modest zinc supplement.8

There is no reason that this readily available and inexpensive mineral should not be an essential component of your personal health program against the dangers of immunosenescence.

Immunosenescence: The Waning Of The Immune System

Zinc deficiency is rampant among older adults. As with so many other essentials, zinc levels decrease with age.9 But that’s only part of the problem.

Another major cause is that people simply don’t get enough of this nutrient on a daily basis. The government’s minimum recommended daily allowance (RDA) of zinc is just 15 mg. Yet 35% to 45% of people older than 60 don’t even get half of that.10-13

Scientists now believe that zinc deficiency plays a direct role in the aging of the immune system, known as immunosenescence.14

In immunosenescence, there’s a decrease in the immune system cells that normally identify and destroy abnormal cells (such as bacteria, virally-infected cells, and cancer cells).15 That leaves older adults increasingly vulnerable to infections and cancers, while making vaccinations less effective as well.16

Immunosenescence also increases the frequency and severity of autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus), in which the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.16 In addition, immunosenescence leads to the loss of regulatory control, which adds to the total burden of inflammation in the body, leading to atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and further heightening the risks of cancer.14,17

Battle Immunosenescence With Zinc

Battle Immunosenescence With Zinc

Immunosenescence is a very complex process that is still being understood by researchers. However, what scientists are now realizing is that the immune system in the elderly is the result of a continuous remodelling process.18 That means it’s possible to fight against this phenomenon of aging—for which zinc is a vital component. There are remarkable similarities between immunosenescence and zinc deficiency, similarities so striking that scientists now believe they can’t be coincidental.19,20

A deficiency in zinc reduces the activity of the thymus gland, which prevents the production of essential “killer” T-cells. This shifts the balance to “suppressor” cells that reduce the immune response.21

Low zinc levels also increase the occurrence of autoimmunity and excessive inflammation (as is seen in immunosenescence).20 Even borderline low levels of zinc can impair immune functioning and decrease the response to vaccinations.19,21 While inadequate zinc is not likely to be the only cause of immunosenescence, it appears to be one of the main contributors.

What this means to you is that by restoring zinc levels to those found in younger people, we may be able to slow immunosenescence and protect ourselves against cancer, infection, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation.21

Zinc supplementation in the elderly has been shown to confer the following benefits:

  • Restore normal function of the killer cells that go after virally-infected and cancerous cells.4,5
  • Boost the stress response of white blood cells from older adults, providing an immune system anti-aging mechanism.6
  • Boost the immune response to vaccines, which are becoming increasingly vital to protecting older adults from dangerous infections.5,22
  • Improve cellular immunity and increase survival rates in older mice.19,23

Zinc supplementation is so widely recognized as essential to healthy immune system support that it now figures broadly in international health programs aimed at reducing the death tolls from diseases such as severe diarrhea, malaria, and tuberculosis.24-27

What You Need to Know: Guard Immune Health With Zinc

Guard Immune Health With Zinc
  • Immunosenesc ence, the aging of the immune system, is a major contributor to the higher rates of serious infections and cancers seen in older adults.
  • A major contributor to immunosenescence is falling zinc levels, which occur in a large proportion of people as they age.
  • Zinc deficiency, therefore, is closely related to the risk of infection and cancer, and is also being seen in obese people and those with diabetes.
  • Supplementation with zinc has been shown to enhance the aging immune system’s performance, reducing the risks of infections, cancers, and obesity/diabetes.
  • Zinc deserves a prominent place in your supplement regimen for all of these reasons.

Zinc Battles Infections

Infections, especially those of the respiratory system, are a serious threat to the health of adults over 60 years old. Supplementing with zinc can help lower the risk of these dangerous infections in older adults.

One study showed that a daily 45 mg dose of zinc reduced the incidence of all infections, including those of the respiratory tract, in elderly adults.7 And at a very high dose (80 mg/day), zinc was found to reduce overall deaths by 27% over an median of 6.5 years.28 (Please note: Zinc should not be consumed at doses higher than 90 to 100 mg/day; at those doses it can have a negative effect on immunity and may produce urinary tract symptoms.3,29)

Two specific threats for which zinc has proven effective include pneumonia and influenza.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in the US for older adults.28 Pneumonia is prevalent in this age group precisely because of immunosenescence, the waning protection against infection. But remember, immunosensecence can be a direct result of zinc deficiency. That helps explain why people with low zinc status are even more likely to get pneumonia and to have a more severe infection, are more likely to need more antibiotics for longer, and are more likely to die from pneumonia, than are people with healthy zinc levels.29

Fortunately, studies show that simply restoring zinc to normal levels helps combat pneumonia, reducing its incidence by as much as 41%, cutting new antibiotic prescriptions nearly in half, and shortening the duration of the illness.30 In a two-year study of nursing home residents, daily supplementation with 20 mg of zinc and 100 micrograms of selenium decreased the average number of respiratory infections compared with patients taking a placebo.31

Another larger study showed that the same doses of zinc and selenium improved antibody production in elderly people after a vaccination against pneumonia-causing germs.32

Zinc has also been found to be beneficial against influenza, another infection that can be especially dangerous for older adults. Influenza virus infection of lung tissue produces rapid destruction of cells through inflammation and apoptosis.33 Zinc has the ability to directly combat these negative effects of influenza.

Lab studies show that zinc supplementation of cells in culture blocks the inflammatory response, shuts down the self-destructive cycle of apoptosis, and reduces the release of new viruses from the fragmented cells.33,34

Human studies confirm these results. Most importantly from a prevention standpoint, supplementation with zinc markedly enhances the response to influenza vaccines among older adults.23,32,35 An increase in anti-influenza antibody occurred in 87% of supplemented people and just 41% of controls. In response to the vaccine, supplemented subjects achieved white blood cell proliferation that was tenfold that of the control group.35

Additional Benefits Of Zinc

Additional Benefits Of Zinc

Zinc has an impact on a wide variety of diseases. Today we can say with confidence that zinc plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (where it improves lipid profiles),60-66 in neurological disorders and cognition (where it may improve mental performance and decrease the risk of depression),9,67-77and in preventing age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in the elderly.78-83

Support Your Body’s Anti-Cancer Surveillance System

Whether you realize it or not, every one of us experiences dozens of pre-cancerous cell changes daily. The reason we don’t all develop malignancies every day is thanks to the aggressive anti-cancer surveillance by the body’s immune system, particularly the aggressive “natural killer” cells that seek out and destroy abnormal cells.36

Zinc is absolutely essential for this anti-cancer surveillance system to function properly. That’s why, when zinc levels drop, we see a substantially higher rate of cancer, especially in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.37 The tissues of your digestive tract are particularly vulnerable because they’re more exposed to the outside toxins that we ingest.

Restoring your body’s levels of zinc prevents loss of natural killer cell function, reduces the inflammation that promotes cancer, and reduces cancer cells’ ability to grow new blood vessels.36,38-40 As a result, zinc supplementation has been associated with a reduced incidence and/or progression of tongue, esophageal, stomach, and colon cancer in animals with zinc deficiencies.8,37,41-45

Zinc offers additional protection against cancer by starving tumors of the glucose they need to grow and spread. Cancer cells take up glucose at a very high rate compared with non-malignant tissues; that’s presumably because the rapidly-growing tumors have exceptionally high energy requirements.46 Zinc supplements appear to reduce glucose uptake in malignant cells, thus reducing the availability of energy cancer cells need to replicate and progress.46

Zinc is important in cancers outside of the digestive tract as well. The risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a common blood cancer, is 42% lower in people with higher levels of zinc compared to those with lower levels.47 And among patients with head and neck cancers, nearly 65% were found to be zinc deficient.39

Prostate cancer is also sensitive to zinc. Normally the prostate contains tenfold the amount of zinc found in other soft tissues, but zinc accumulation in prostate tissue decreases shortly after prostate cancer begins.48 Supplementation restores normal prostate zinc levels and reduces levels of a promoter of tumor growth (IGF-1).48 Supplementation also supports natural antioxidant enzymes in the prostate; those enzymes are impaired as the result of high oxidant stresses imposed by growing malignancies.49

Even if your zinc levels are adequate, supplementing with zinc could offer additional protection against cancer. In animals with normal zinc levels, the number of experimentally-induced tumors was 28% lower when the animals were given a modest zinc supplement.8

Dietary Sources Of Zinc10
Food Mg of zinc per serving
Oysters 74,0
Beef chuck roast 7,0
Lobster 3,4
Pork loin 2,9
Baked beans 2,9
Chicken 2,4
Yogurt 1,7
Cashews 1,6
Dietary Sources Of Zinc
  • Minimum RDA of zinc is 15 mg according to the government. Optimal supplemental doses for aging humans may be five times higher—up to 80 mg daily.86
  • Although it’s possible to get zinc from plant sources, your body can’t utilize it as well because molecules found in breads, cereals, and legumes can bind the zinc and prevent your body from absorbing it.10

Diabetes And Obesity

The science demonstrating zinc’s importance in preventing diabetes and its consequences is so strong that zinc has become widely accepted as an important supplement for those at risk for—and even those already suffering from—diabetes.

In addition, zinc is involved in the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin. Zinc deficiency is associated with insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity. In a study of obese individuals supplemented with 30 mg zinc for one month, researchers found significant reductions in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and triglycerides.50

Studies show that supplementation with zinc lowers both fasting and after-meal glucose levels and reduces the long-term measure of blood glucose called hemoglobin A1c.51-55 Zinc supplementation also improves insulin sensitivity and lowers insulin levels, a major factor in people with “pre-diabetes” (impaired fasting glucose).56-58

Higher blood levels of zinc are associated with the following:

- 10 to 15% decrease in the risk of diabetes.
- 34 to 43% lower risk of glucose intolerance.
- 12 to 13% reduction in central obesity.
- 23 to 43% reduction in coronary artery disease.59

In another study, body weight and body mass index decreased following supplementation with 20 mg of zinc.58 That’s particularly important because of the relationships between obesity, high insulin levels, and cancer. Zinc supplementation also markedly improves nerve conduction velocity, a measure of diabetic nerve damage.52

Zinc and Copper: A Balancing Act

Zinc and Copper: A Balancing Act
Research has shown that higher dosing of supplemental zinc has produced significant benefit.86 However, long-term supplementation of zinc at doses above around 50 mg can interfere with copper bioavailability and result in deficiency of copper.87 High intake of zinc induces the intestinal synthesis of a copper-binding protein called metallothionein.87 Metallothionein traps copper within intestinal cells and prevents its systemic absorption. Copper deficiency can lead to clinical manifestations such as anemia, low levels of neutrophils (the most abundant type of white blood cell), and bone abnormalities, including fractures.88 Low levels of copper can also lead to increased concentration of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, reduction of HDL cholesterol, diminished glucose tolerance, and altered cardiac rhythm.88 Individuals supplementing with more than 50 mg of zinc on a chronic basis should consider supplementing with 2 mg of copper daily to address the risk of copper deficiency associated with high zinc ingestion. Short term supplementation of high doses of zinc is unlikely to affect copper distribution in the body.87

Summary

Immunosenescence, the aging of the immune system, is a major contributor to the higher rates of serious infections and cancers seen in older adults. Although immunosenescence was previously thought of as a natural effect of aging, scientists now believe that it could be caused in part by a deficiency in zinc.

That means that something as simple as supplementing with zinc could slow or reverse immunosenescence. Studies show that supplementing with zinc reduces the risk of serious infections such as pneumonia and influenza. Lab studies also demonstrate a remarkable cancer-preventive effect of supplementary zinc. Even the twin scourges of obesity and diabetes show signs of yielding to zinc therapy, with improved measures of blood glucose and reduced body mass, as well as fewer diabetic complications such as nerve and kidney damage.

If you are not taking a zinc supplement today, you should consider it to minimize the impact of immuno-senescence on your body.

TABLE: Zinc And Your Health10

Health Concern Impact of Insufficient Zinc
Immune Function Increased susceptibility to pneumonia and other infections28
Wound Healing Slow or incomplete wound healing84
Gastrointestinal Health Worsening of inflammatory bowel diseases and increased production of inflammatory cytokines85
Vision Increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)78-83
Cardiovascular Health Increased plasma lipids, markers of atherosclerosis62
Cancer Diminished immune surveillance against cancer cells39
Diabetes Decreased blood sugar control55
Neurological and Mental Health Increased risk of depression; decreased cognitive performance9,77

Material used with permission of Life Extension. All rights reserved.

  1. Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency. BMJ. 2003 March 22;326(7386):409–10.
  2. Chasapis CT, Loutsidou AC, Spiliopoulou CA, Stefanidou ME. Zinc and human health: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2012 Apr;86(4):521-34.
  3. Pae M, Meydani SN, Wu D. The role of nutrition in enhancing immunity in aging. Aging Dis. 2012 Feb;3(1):91-129.
  4. Kahmann L, Uciechowski P, Warmuth S, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Effect of improved zinc status on T helper cell activation and TH1/TH2 ratio in healthy elderly individuals. Biogerontology. 2006 Oct-Dec;7(5-6):429-35.
  5. Duchateau J, Delepesse G, Vrijens R, Collet H. Beneficial effects of oral zinc supplementation on the immune response of old people. Am J Med. 1981 May;70(5):1001-4.
  6. Putics A, Vodros D, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E, Csermely P, Soti C. Zinc supplementation boosts the stress response in the elderly: Hsp70 status is linked to zinc availability in peripheral lymphocytes. Exp Gerontol. 2008 May;43(5):452-61.
  7. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):837-44.
  8. Sun J, Liu J, Pan X, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced forestomach tumor development and progression in tumor suppressor-deficient mouse strains. Carcinogenesis. 2011 Mar;32(3):351-8.
  9. Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, et al. Zinc in elderly people: effects of zinc supplementation on psychological dimensions in dependence of IL-6 -174 polymorphism: a Zincage study. Rejuvenation Res. 2008 Apr;11(2):479-83.
  10. Available at: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/. Accessed December 12, 2013
  11. Ervin RB, Kennedy-Stephenson J. Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Nutr. 2002 Nov;132(11):3422-7.
  12. Mocchegiani E, Romeo J, Malavolta M, et al. Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly. Age (Dordr). 2012 Jan 6.
  13. Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Hess JW, Kaplan J, Pelen F, Dardenne M. Zinc deficiency in elderly patients. Nutrition. 1993 May-Jun;9(3):218-24.
  14. Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Marcellini F, Pawelec G. Zinc, oxidative stress, genetic background and immunosenescence: implications for healthy ageing. Immun Ageing. 2006;3:6.
  15. Varin A, Larbi A, Dedoussis GV, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of zinc on cytokine signalling in human T cells. Exp Gerontol. 2008 May;43(5):472-82.
  16. Sidler C, Wóycicki R, Ilnytskyy Y, Metz G, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. Immunosenescence is associated with altered gene expression and epigenetic regulation in primary and secondary immune organs. Front Genet. 2013 Oct 18;4:211.
  17. Mazzatti DJ, Malavolta M, White AJ, et al. Effects of interleukin-6 -174C/G and metallothionein 1A +647A/C single-nucleotide polymorphisms on zinc-regulated gene expression in ageing. Exp Gerontol. 2008 May;43(5):423-32.
  18. Ongrádi J, Kövesdi V. Factors that may impact on immunosenescence: an appraisal. Immun Ageing. 2010 Jun 14;7:7.
  19. Wong CP, Song Y, Elias VD, Magnusson KR, Ho E. Zinc supplementation increases zinc status and thymopoiesis in aged mice. J Nutr. 2009 Jul;139(7):1393-7.
  20. Haase H, Rink L. The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging. Immun Ageing. 2009;6:9.
  21. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly. Biogerontology. 2006 Oct-Dec;7(5-6):421-8.
  22. Ahmed T, Arifuzzaman M, Lebens M, Qadri F, Lundgren A. CD4+ T-cell responses to an oral inactivated cholera vaccine in young children in a cholera endemic country and the enhancing effect of zinc supplementation. Vaccine. 2009 Dec 11;28(2):422-9.
  23. Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Muti E, et al. Zinc, metallothioneins and longevity: interrelationships with niacin and selenium. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(26):2719-32.
  24. Rao VB, Pelly TF, Gilman RH, et al. Zinc cream and reliability of tuberculosis skin testing. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jul;13(7):1101-4.
  25. Raqib R, Roy SK, Rahman MJ, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on immune and inflammatory responses in pediatric patients with shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):444-50.
  26. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):495-502.
  27. Zeba AN, Sorgho H, Rouamba N, et al. Major reduction of malaria morbidity with combined vitamin A and zinc supplementation in young children in Burkina Faso: a randomized double blind trial. Nutr J. 2008;7:7.
  28. Barnett JB, Hamer DH, Meydani SN. Low zinc status: a new risk factor for pneumonia in the elderly? Nutr Rev. 2010 Jan;68(1):30-7.
  29. Johnson AR, Munoz A, Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF. High dose zinc increases hospital admissions due to genitourinary complications. J Urol. 2007 Feb;177(2):639-43.
  30. Fischer Walker C, Black RE. Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:255-75.
  31. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, et al. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41(2):98-107.
  32. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, et al. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Apr 12;159(7):748-54.
  33. Onose A, Hashimoto S, Hayashi S, et al. An inhibitory effect of A20 on NF-kappaB activation in airway epithelium upon influenza virus infection. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Jul 17;541(3):198-204.
  34. Srivastava V, Rawall S, Vijayan VK, Khanna M. Influenza a virus induced apoptosis: inhibition of DNA laddering andamp; caspase-3 activity by zinc supplementation in cultured HeLa cells. Indian J Med Res. 2009 May;129(5):579-86.
  35. Langkamp-Henken B, Bender BS, Gardner EM, et al. Nutritional formula enhanced immune function and reduced days of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in seniors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jan;52(1):3-12.
  36. Chowdhury BA, Chandra RK. Effect of zinc administration on cadmium-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity in mice. Immunol Lett. 1989 Oct;22(4):287-91.
  37. Fong LY, Jiang Y, Riley M, et al. Prevention of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in zinc-deficient rodents: inefficacy of genetic or pharmacological disruption of COX-2. Int J Cancer. 2008 Mar 1;122(5):978-89.
  38. Ibs KH, Rink L. Zinc-altered immune function. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1452S-6S.
  39. Prasad AS. Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med. 2008 May-Jun;14(5-6):353-7.
  40. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Snell DC, Kucuk O. Zinc in cancer prevention. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(6):879-87.
  41. Dani V, Goel A, Vaiphei K, Dhawan DK. Chemopreventive potential of zinc in experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett. 2007 Jun 15;171(1-2):10-8.
  42. Malhotra A, Chadha VD, Nair P, Dhawan DK. Role of zinc in modulating histo-architectural and biochemical alterations during dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2009;28(4):351-9.
  43. Chadha VD, Dhawan DK. Ultrastructural changes in rat colon following 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis: protection by zinc. Oncol Res. 2010;19(1):1-11.
  44. Chadha VD, Garg ML, Dhawan D. Influence of extraneous supplementation of zinc on trace elemental profile leading to prevention of dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2010 Oct;20(8):493-7.
  45. Fong LY, Jiang Y, Rawahneh ML, et al. Zinc supplementation suppresses 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat oral carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 2011 Apr;32(4):554-60.
  46. Chadha VD, Dhawan DK. In vitro (1)(4)C-labeled amino acid uptake changes and surface abnormalities in the colon after 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced experimental carcinogenesis: protection by zinc. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2011;30(2):103-11.
  47. Kelemen LE, Cerhan JR, Lim U, et al. Vegetables, fruit, and antioxidant-related nutrients and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a National Cancer Institute-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results population-based case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6):1401-10.
  48. Prasad AS, Mukhtar H, Beck FW, et al. Dietary zinc and prostate cancer in the TRAMP mouse model. J Med Food. 2010 Feb;13(1):70-6.
  49. Banudevi S, Elumalai P, Sharmila G, Arunkumar R, Senthilkumar K, Arunakaran J. Protective effect of zinc on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and testosterone-induced prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the dorsolateral prostate of Sprague Dawley rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Sep 1;236(9):1012-21.
  50. Payahoo L, Ostadrahimi A, Mobasseri M, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on the anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose in the healthy obese adults. Adv Pharm Bull. 2013;3(1):161-5.
  51. Al-Maroof RA, Al-Sharbatti SS. Serum zinc levels in diabetic patients and effect of zinc supplementation on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics. Saudi Med J. 2006 Mar;27(3):344-50.
  52. Gupta R, Garg VK, Mathur DK, Goyal RK. Oral zinc therapy in diabetic neuropathy. J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 Nov;46(11):939-42.
  53. Gunasekara P, Hettiarachchi M, Liyanage C, Lekamwasam S. Effects of zinc and multimineral vitamin supplementation on glycemic and lipid control in adult diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2011;4:53-60.
  54. Capdor J, Foster M, Petocz P, Samman S. Zinc and glycemic control: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled supplementation trials in humans. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012 Nov 5.
  55. Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Galappatthy P, Malkanthi R, Constantine G, Katulanda P. Effects of zinc supplementation on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012;4(1):13.
  56. Marreiro DN, Geloneze B, Tambascia MA, Lerario AC, Halpern A, Cozzolino SM. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance of obese women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Aug;112(2):109-18.
  57. Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R, Shapouri J, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in prepubertal obese children. Hormones (Athens). 2009 Oct-Dec;8(4):279-85.
  58. Kelishadi R, Hashemipour M, Adeli K, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on markers of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation among prepubescent children with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010 Dec;8(6):505-10.
  59. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Bajaj S, Gaoli Z, Shoumin Z. Current zinc intake and risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease and factors associated with insulin resistance in rural and urban populations of North India. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Dec;17(6):564-70.
  60. Cortese MM, Suschek CV, Wetzel W, Kroncke KD, Kolb-Bachofen V. Zinc protects endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide via Nrf2-dependent stimulation of glutathione biosynthesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jun 15;44(12):2002-12.
  61. Foster M, Samman S. Zinc and regulation of inflammatory cytokines: implications for cardiometabolic disease. Nutrients. 2012 Jul;4(7):676-94.
  62. Reiterer G, MacDonald R, Browning JD, et al. Zinc deficiency increases plasma lipids and atherosclerotic markers in LDL-receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2005 Sep;135(9):2114-8.
  63. Shen H, Arzuaga X, Toborek M, Hennig B. Zinc nutritional status modulates expression of ahr-responsive p450 enzymes in vascular endothelial cells. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008 Mar;25(2):197-201.
  64. Shen H, Oesterling E, Stromberg A, Toborek M, MacDonald R, Hennig B. Zinc deficiency induces vascular pro-inflammatory parameters associated with NF-kappaB and PPAR signaling. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Oct;27(5):577-87.
  65. Wang J, Song Y, Elsherif L, et al. Cardiac metallothionein induction plays the major role in the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy by zinc supplementation. Circulation. 2006 Jan 31;113(4):544-54.
  66. Wang L, Zhou Z, Saari JT, Kang YJ. Alcohol-induced myocardial fibrosis in metallothionein-null mice: prevention by zinc supplementation. Am J Pathol. 2005 Aug;167(2):337-44.
  67. Ashworth A, Morris SS, Lira PI, Grantham-McGregor SM. Zinc supplementation, mental development and behaviour in low birth weight term infants in northeast Brazil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Mar;52(3):223-7.
  68. Brewer GJ. Copper excess, zinc deficiency, and cognition loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Biofactors. 2012 Mar-Apr;38(2):107-13.
  69. Cope EC, Morris DR, Scrimgeour AG, Levenson CW. Use of zinc as a treatment for traumatic brain injury in the rat: effects on cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Sep;26(7):907-13.
  70. Cope EC, Morris DR, Scrimgeour AG, VanLandingham JW, Levenson CW. Zinc supplementation provides behavioral resiliency in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Physiol Behav. 2011 Oct 24;104(5):942-7.
  71. Corona C, Masciopinto F, Silvestri E, et al. Dietary zinc supplementation of 3xTg-AD mice increases BDNF levels and prevents cognitive deficits as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. 2010;1:e91.
  72. Maylor EA, Simpson EE, Secker DL, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: the ZENITH study. Br J Nutr. 2006 Oct;96(4):752-60.
  73. Merialdi M, Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Figueroa A, DiPietro JA. Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets improves fetal neurobehavioral development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Feb;180(2 Pt 1):483-90.
  74. Saini N, Schaffner W. Zinc supplement greatly improves the condition of parkin mutant Drosophila. Biol Chem. 2010 May;391(5):513-8.
  75. Summers BL, Henry CM, Rofe AM, Coyle P. Dietary zinc supplementation during pregnancy prevents spatial and object recognition memory impairments caused by early prenatal ethanol exposure. Behav Brain Res. 2008 Jan 25;186(2):230-8.
  76. Szewczyk B, Kubera M, Nowak G. The role of zinc in neurodegenerative inflammatory pathways in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Apr 29;35(3):693-701.
  77. Tupe RP, Chiplonkar SA. Zinc supplementation improved cognitive performance and taste acuity in Indian adolescent girls. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Aug;28(4):388-96.
  78. Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD000254.
  79. Hyman L, Neborsky R. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: an update. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002 Jun;13(3):171-5.
  80. Kokkinou D, Kasper HU, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Schraermeyer U. The pigmentation of human iris influences the uptake and storing of zinc. Pigment Cell Res. 2004 Oct;17(5):515-8.
  81. Moriarty-Craige SE, Ha KN, Sternberg P, Jr., et al. Effects of long-term zinc supplementation on plasma thiol metabolites and redox status in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;143(2):206-11.
  82. Siepmann M, Spank S, Kluge A, Schappach A, Kirch W. The pharmacokinetics of zinc from zinc gluconate: a comparison with zinc oxide in healthy men. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Dec;43(12):562-5.
  83. Wood JP, Osborne NN. Zinc and energy requirements in induction of oxidative stress to retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Neurochem Res. 2003 Oct;28(10):1525-33.
  84. Agren MS. Studies on zinc in wound healing. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1990;154:1-36.
  85. Suwendi E, Iwaya H, Lee JS, Hara H, Ishizuka S. Zinc deficiency induces dysregulation of cytokine productions in an experimental colitis of rats. Biomed Res. 2012 Dec;33(6):329-36.
  86. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct;119(10):1417-36.
  87. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/zinc/. Accessed December 19, 2013.
  88. Uauy R, Olivares M, Gonzalez M. Essentiality of copper in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5 Suppl):952S-9S.
Was this article interesting to you?
Tags : Choroby autoimmunologiczne, Cukrzyca, Cynk, Nowotwory, Odchudzanie, Prostata
Posted in: Autoimmune diseases, Cancer, Diabetes, Slimming, Zinc, Prostate, Skin, hair, nails

Related posts